Too Big to Fail

The too big to fail is a concept that certain banks or financial institutions cannot be let to fail, since their failure would have too much effect on the general economy thus causing financial disability on the national and even international financial systems (A dictionary of Business and Management 2).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Too Big to Fail specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The reasoning behind the â€Å"too big to fail† concept is that if a bank or financial institution that does business with a lot other businesses in the economy was to fail, then the rebound effect would be too much for the economy to handle. As such, the central bank is obligated to bail such financial institutions out, not so much for the sake of the individual institution, but to shield the economy from the consequences of the closure. According to the (A Dictionary of Business and Management 45), the too big to f ail concept contends that once the central bank bails the bank, the bank willingly takes on more risks to make business more viable. The too big to fail theory is only applicable to large financial institutions connected to other financial institutions (Wessel 5). Investors who do business with the too big to fail institutions are a less worried lot than their counterpart who trade with ordinary financial institutions because they have a â€Å"taxpayer subsidy†, which cushions them against losses (Wessel 12). However, not all financial institutions get the bail out as indicated in the theory. In 1995, Baring Brothers, a London based Merchant Bank was not bailed out as would have been anticipated because the Bank of England did not see any risk to the financial systems in the country that could be caused by its failure. Further, it was established that the Baring Brothers had failed due to irregular trading the bank had in Singapore’s derivates market (A Dictionary of B usiness Management 16). The too big to fail concept is a reaction to the continued mergers and acquisitions in the financial sectors, which leads to a complexity of financial institutions. According to (Folkerts-Landau et al 13), consolidation is mainly motivated by cost saving measures, or revenue enhancement motives. In the wake of globalization, such financial conglomerates are no longer content with working inside territorial boundaries (A Dictionary of Business Management 25). This means that they are more willing to explore the international markets. Consequently, this exposes them to more risks.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In a free market economy, it is only plausible that market forces would close banks that do not meet their credit obligations (Hetzel 7). However, this does not happen with too big to fail financial institutions. Traditionally, the regu lation of the banking sector was the mandate of bank regulators. With the increased diversification of the financial institutions, which includes mergers among banks, insurance companies and even funds management, banking regulators are finding themselves more as observers, rather than regulators. This is mainly because with the diversification of the financial firms, systemic regulation which was the forte of the banking regulators is overwhelmed by the mere complexity. More to this, the management of financial conglomerates is more integrated laying little emphasis on legal entities and functional regulatory authorities of national borders. Considering this, often complex financial transactions that such conglomerates handle, the occurrence of failure in the big financial institutions leans more towards systemic failures than anything else. There is contention among financial analysts about the effect of too-big-to-fail. While one group maintains that it is a good policy to ensure that economies do not suffer as a result of a financial conglomerate going bankrupt, others (Dowd 1; Bebchuk 1) contends that this concept encourages financial institutions to take irresponsible risk, with the full knowledge that they are assured of survival since the government cannot after all let them fail. â€Å"The Too big to fail concept resulted from a deficiency in bankruptcy arrangements for banks† (Hetzel 3). Such sentiments are aired because unlike nonfinancial institutions which are subject to bankruptcy arrangements should they fail to meet their financial obligations; banks are exempted from bankruptcy law. In its place, banks and other financial institutions can continue with normal operations as policy makers determine whether they are viable or not. This approach is adopted because though banks may fail to meet their short term credit obligations, they are usually viable for restructuring. More to this, it is agreeable that even when a financial institution cannot be restructured, giving it time to liquidate its assets over a length of time results in more value than immediate closure. In the absence of bankruptcy laws for the financial institutions, the Federal Reserve and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (at least in the United States) has been mandated with coming up with an â€Å"informal discount window† for financial institutions for purposes of preventing abrupt closure. As such, too big to fail is perceived as a concept that arose mainly from pressures arising from unsatisfactory arrangements for closing bankrupt banks, rather from conscious decisions by policy makers (Hetzel 6).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Too Big to Fail specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A recent activity in the financial market was testimony to the Too big to fail concept. In the financial crisis that hit the financial markets across the world starting 2007 to 2009, Bear Sterns and AIG were among financial institutions that received government bailout. However, Lehman Brothers did not. This left analysts as well as laymen wondering just what banking regulators and supervisors considers when deciding whether a bank is too big to fail. Literature in to this concept (Folkerts-Landau et al 13 ; Rajan 4) indicate that large financial institutions are more likely to be categorized as too big to fail compared to average or small institutions. More to this, the potential cost to taxpayers and the general economy is also weighted before regulators and supervisors decide whether to bailout a bank or not. Notably Lehman Brothers had $691.1 billion book value worth of assets at the time of its closure, while Bear Stearns had $395.4 billion book value of assets when it was bailed out. Too big to fail has a fair share of benefits as well as disadvantages. The benefits include the fact that banks gain favor with uninsured creditors and other participan ts in the market. In addition, too big to fail institutions are able to operate on lower regulatory costs thus increasing the probability of receiving more regulatory leniency. The fact that such institutions have access to the government’s safety net means that they can operate on a lower capital base and funds as compared to other financial institutions (Folkerts-Landau et al 11). The perception that the government would bail out such institutions in an event of a financial crisis allows more uninsured creditors the luxury of doing business with the too big to fail institutions. The disadvantages however seem to outweigh the good since the concept reduces discipline in the financial markets by encouraging excessive risk taking by the financial institutions, creating uneven playing fields for smaller and emerging financial institutions, and costing the government and the tax payer a lot of money, should a bail-out be deemed necessary (Cloutier 4). In the wake of a need to fi nd a solution to the cost that the too big to fail institutions cost the government in bailouts or the entire risk they pose to the economy should they be allowed to fail, several remedies have been suggested.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More First, analysts, (Rajan 6; Cloutier 4) suggests that â€Å"bank regulators need resolution authority over the too big to fail institutions, just the same way that the FDIC has resolution authority over banks.† Currently, regulators have no authority over the resolution of banking holding companies or non-banking institutions. More transparency in the financial sectors is also recommended as one of the too big to fail remedy (Rajan 6). Currently, regulators and supervisors only have piecemeal information regarding the operations of most banking institutions. Without such information, supervisors especially have a hard time conducting onsite examination of the financial institutions and their subsidiaries. In an ideal situation, supervisory authorities have the legal mandate to conduct examinations of data provided to them by the banks, verify the same, restrain any unsound practices by the banks and in extreme circumstances, force the banks to exit (Folkerts-Landau et al 13) B reaking up the too big to fail institutions may be the least desirable action to the players, but such an action would be the most ideal to completely resolve the risk issues posed by such institutions to the entire economy (Cloutier 3). This however would be a systemic approach that could take years before enforcement since it would need policy formulation and willingness on the part of the financial players. In an address to congress, (Cloutier 13) stated that â€Å"the prevailing financial system is too concentrated, and lacking the necessary regulation. The four largest banking companies in the United States today control an excess of 40 percent of the country’s deposits, an excess of 50 percent of all assets held by banks in the entire country.† Such concentration is prone to political pressures especially where guarantees on the public sector are needed to guarantee the banks’ liabilities (Folkerts-Landau et al 13). With this statistics, it is rather obvio us that the too big to fail institutions pose a major risk to the economy. Having a more diverse banking sector would not only reduce the risk, but would also promote competition and innovation, in addition to availing consumers more channels of credit and business. Dealing with the already established too big to fail financial institutions or the too-interconnected business which are hard to regulate and manage can be through breaking them up, or forcing them to divest assets (Cloutier 4). The latter would reduce the risk that such institutions pose to the financial systems. More so, preventing others from coming up, through regulating the extent to which a financial institution can grow is also a viable alternative (Rajan 13). With these solutions in mind, it is however proper to acknowledge the process of growth that leads to the too big to fail institutions. Unlike what most people would be tempted to believe, these institutions follow an organic growth path, mainly as a result of efficiency in management and strategic planning. Through expansion and growth, most of them realize the profits that come with business growth. To some, diversification is a mode of risk reduction. As such, a number have invested not only in traditional-like banking systems, but have also diversified their investments into mutual funds and insurance. This makes the remedies suggested above even more hard to enact across the board. Even if regulators and supervisory authorities were given the freehand to handle these banks, the mere amount of books, information and business is just overwhelming (Rajan 4). This is because the institutions have assets, gross-derivatives positions, liabilities, net-derivatives positions, profitability margins and transactions, all which form a reasonable metric through which the regulators can impose a limit. Conclusion The expansion, mergers and acquisitions that led to the creation of too bog to fail institutions is tantamount to mixing commerce an d banking. This is a dangerous precedent that will continue posing systemic risks in the financial sector (Coutier 11). In the United States, the mandate to find lasting solutions to this concept lies with the concept, which has the powers to initiate policy frameworks that would infuse regulation, assessment and the eventual disintegration of financial institutions that are too big for the general good of the economy. Further, it is still within Congress’ mandate to come up with policies that would prevent future concentration of commercial and financial powers in institution since such are the source of the current too big to fail institutions. After all, the phrase â€Å"if it’s too big to fail, it’s probably too big to exist† might contain some wisdom that may shield the financial markets in the future. Works Cited A Dictionary of Business and Management. â€Å"Too Big to Fail†. Encyclopedia.com. 2006. Web. Bebchuk, Lucian. â€Å"AIG still isn ’t Too Big to Fail.† The Wall Street Journal. March 2009. Web. Cloutier, Couns. â€Å"Too Big to Fail: The Role of the Anti-trust Law in Government-Funded Consolidation in the Banking Industry.† Testimony of Mr. C.R. Cloutier, president and CEO, MidSouth Bank, NA. March 2009. Web. Dowd, Kevin. â€Å"Too Big to Fail? Long Term Capital Management and the Federal Reserve.† CATO institute Briefing Papers. No. 51 (1996):1-12. Print. Folkerts-Landau , David. F., Lindgren, Carl-Johan and IMF. Toward a framework for financial stability. New York: International Monetary Fund, 1998. Print. Hetzel, Robert, L. â€Å"Too Big to Fail. Origins, Consequences, and Outlook.† Economic Review. (1991): 4-13. Rajan, Raghuram. â€Å"Too Systemic to Fail: Consequences, causes and Potential remedies.†Written Statement to the Senate Banking Committee Hearings. May 6, 2009. Web. Wessel, David. â€Å"Three Theories on Solving the ‘Too Big to Fail’ Probl em.† The Wall Street Journal. October 29, 2009. Web. This research paper on Too Big to Fail was written and submitted by user Robert Mcfadden to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Too Big to Fail

How To Get A GRE Sample Essay Score

How To Get A GRE Sample Essay ScoreTo get a GRE sample essay score is not too difficult if you are patient enough. It is very likely that you are already aware of the required materials and formatting for submission, but you have not yet begun to prepare for your test or essay writing. The goal of preparing for the GRE is to obtain high scores so you can get admission to certain colleges or universities. Preparing for this sort of essay will help you to get this score that you want.You should be very comfortable with the skills you need to know if you are going to send in an essay for the GRE. Your writing skills will matter a lot, so you need to make sure that you are capable of writing effectively in English. Many people who take the GRE and don't write well may fail to see the reason why this is the test you must pass.Of course, you need to put in a great deal of hard work, but you also need to consider what goes into writing. For example, how do you start a paragraph? How do you get a point across? You should think about how you would take a lesson from famous essays and use the same format.Once you have written your essay, you will need to send it to a testing agency. If you have been taking the test for some time now, this may be something you have already been doing and are familiar with. Otherwise, you will need to find a testing agency.The best thing to do is to find a testing agency that you are familiar with or at least, which has a decent reputation. Often, the test agencies have two formats for essay submissions: Online and Paper Test. Make sure that you go with the one that suits your essay. If you are unsure about which way to submit your essay, you may be able to ask an instructor or other people who have gone before you. After you send in your essay for the GRE, the testing agency will evaluate it and if they approve it, you will be notified by mail or phone. Some testing agencies only require a computer to run the test, while others will requi re that you go to their office and give them a physical copy of your essay. Of course, they will review your essay as well. If they approve it, you will receive an official test score and an official receipt.You may even be surprised to see how high your test score can be. Many people who have a low score never get into college or university. You may be one of those who never make it. If you have not been receiving acceptance letters recently, it is time to look over your test essay and see whether you have got all of the elements right.

Euthanasia summary report essays

Euthanasia summary report essays The main focus on the following two summarized articles is the euthanasia issue. Two terminally ill men have been looked at with the focus on euthanasia, whether they should be allowed to die with dignity or suffer pain to a natural end. Mark Foster was diagnosed with Motor Neurone Disease in 1994. Motor Neurone Disease is a fatal degenerative condition that attacks the nervous system. Sufferers rarely survive more than five years after diagnosis. Mark who is a garden designer is a father of three and is married to Nathalie. His quality of life is poor. He cannot eat, he cannot move, he cannot talk. His lungs need regular suctioning to help him breathe. He is not in pain; he is alert and aware but is trapped in a body that barely functions. Mark Foster wants to live. His biggest battle has been with the medical profession who have, in his opinion, urged him to let his precious life slip away, to die with what they consider dignity. They have never suggested withholding treatment but have implied that it may be the best way for him and his family. At times, he has faltered. His terminal illness has terrified him, it has sapped his will to survive but he is determined that no one will take from him the lif e he has left. He states even if I only do the littlest thing with the children and teach them something each day, it was worth me being here. His story is one of inspiration but one that also frighteningly illustrates the subtle pressure that exists for the terminally ill to embrace euthanasia. In his darkest moments, it has not been his appalling illness that has made him contemplate letting his life go, it has been the medical professionals. Mark states that there was a time when he was going to give in to his doctors but now he says how dare they. Mark has a happy family home. Nathalie says people think that, even if they were half as ill as he is, they wo...

Best Unsecured Credit Cards for People With Bad Credit

Best Unsecured Credit Cards for People With Bad Credit SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Having a poor credit score can feel like you’re caught in a catch-22. You need a credit card to improve your score, but it’s hard to get a credit card without a good score. Luckily, there are credits cards available for people with poor credit. Once you get one of these cards, you can use it to build your credit score over time. This guide will give you recommendations for the best credit cards for people with bad credit, along with some tips on how to apply. Click here to go straight to the credit card recommendations, or first, read on to learn what makes a bad credit score and why it matters. What Is Bad Credit? Credit scores range from 300 to 850. Your score is based on a number of factors, including your credit history, payment history, outstanding debt, and account inquiries from lenders, like credit card companies or banks. Defaulting on loans or closing a credit card that still has a balance on it are two actions that could seriously damage your credit score. You might also have a low score if you’re new to the world of credit and have never had a credit card before. Credit scores below 630 are considered to be very low. Scores between 630 and 700 are fair and between 700 and 800 are strong. Any scores above 800 are excellent. To find out your score, you simply need to set up a free account with Credit Karma. You can also request a comprehensive credit report from one of the three major credit bureaus, TransUnion, Equifax, or Experian. You can get one free report each year by requesting it from annualcreditreport.com. Any additional reports cost $9.95. Your credit score matters big time when you apply for any kind of credit card or loan. Why is it so important? Maybe we shouldn't call a credit score under 630 "bad." Rather, it's a work in progress! Why Does Your Credit Score Matter? Credit scores are a key factor when a credit card company or bank is evaluating your application for a credit card or loan. Lenders consider your past financial behavior to be an indication of your future behavior. They seek to reduce risk, so they only want to lend you money if they feel assured that you can eventually pay it back. The better your credit score is, the higher your credit line will be. You’ll also be eligible for more attractive credit cards that have low fees or rewards, like cash back or travel points. With a low credit score, your application for most travel rewards cards would be rejected outright. However, people will low scores can still qualify for certain credit cards and then use the card to build up their credit over time. With a low score, you may qualify for a secured or unsecured credit card. Lenders look at your credit score when deciding whether to give you a loan. They aren't big risk-takers. What Kind of Credit Card Can You Get With Bad Credit? Secured Vs. Unsecured If your credit score is the lowest of the low, then you’ll probably only be able to get what’s called a secured credit card. Secured credit cards require a deposit up front. Some of them act as prepaid debit cards. You load them up with a certain amount of money at the beginning of the month and then spend that money where the card is accepted. Secured credit cards have low limits and require up-front cash-loading or deposit. If you can qualify for a regular, unsecured card with bad credit, then you should skip this initial step of getting a secured card, unless you really need to set low, strict spending limits on yourself or can't afford an annual fee. Unsecured credit cards are just like any other credit card. They typically start with a line of credit of about $300 per month. As you build your credit over time, your monthly line of credit will increase. Unfortunately, you won’t get a credit card with the most appealing terms if you have poor credit. The unsecured cards recommended below have the best policies available and can help you build your credit into the fair or good zone. Read on for the top recommendations for the best unsecured credit cards for poor credit. Secured credit cards are useful if you need to set strict limits on your spending. 5 Best Unsecured Credit Cards for People with Bad Credit in 2016 The five cards recommended below are the best unsecured credit cards for people with bad credit available. Each card lets you fill out a quick and easy form online to see if you prequalify. The top five cards are the following: Credit One Bank Unsecured Visa* Indigo Platinum Mastercard Milestone Gold Mastercard Total VISA Unsecured Card Platinum One Credit Card (for average credit) *The Credit One Bank Visa stands out as the best overall unsecured credit card, because it gives you some rewards and may increase your line of credit after five months of on-time payments. The remaining credit cards for poor credit offer more or less equal benefits, so you should shop around to see where you prequalify. Let’s take a closer look at the terms of each unsecured credit card. Credit One Bank Unsecured Visa Credit Card The Credit One Visa is a rare card available to people with poor credit that gives rewards. With this card, you can earn 1% cash back on gas and groceries. The card has an annual fee of $0 to $75 the first year and $0 to $99 annually after that, depending on your credit score and income. You may be able to pay this fee back monthly, rather than as one lump sum at the end of the year. The card offers a monthly credit score tracking service so you can keep track of your progress toward a stronger credit score. It comes with a rather high variable interest rate of 15.65% to 24.15%, but the interest rate shouldn’t really matter. To build your credit and avoid debt, you should never carry a balance over on your credit card from one month to the next. Always pay off your full balance every month to avoid penalty and steep interest charges. A typical beginning line of credit for someone with a low credit score is $300. This might increase after five or more months of on-time payments. After five months of on-time payments, Credit One should increase your credit line. Pro tip: count your months by the Gregorian calendar, not the Mayan one. Indigo Platinum Mastercard The Indigo Platinum Mastercard is an increasingly popular card that’s available to people with a range of credit scores. Like the Credit One card, the Indigo card offers online account access and has an easy pre-qualification process online. A typical starting line of credit is $300, and the card has an annual fee of $0 to $99. The APR is fixed at 23.9%. Unlike the Credit One card, the Indigo card doesn’t offer any rewards back on your purchases. Milestone Gold Mastercard The Milestone Gold card similarly has a fixed APR of 23.9% and a typical starting line of credit of $300. The annual fee falls between $35 and $99. Total VISA Unsecured Credit Card The Total VISA has the highest APR of 29.99%. It has a fee of $75 for the first year and $48 annually after that. Like the other unsecured credit cards for low credit, the typical starting line of credit is $300. Capital One Platinum Card If your credit has started to climb out of the red zone and surpassed 600, then you might qualify for the Capital One Platinum card. This card is available for people with a credit score of 600 or higher. It has no annual fee, 24.99% APR, and fraud coverage. A typical starting credit limit falls between $200 and $500, and this can increase after five or so months of on time monthly payments. Now that you have a sense of the best unsecured credit cards, what do you do next? How do you apply for one of these cards? Even with bad credit, you have options for credit cards! How to Apply for an Unsecured Credit Card You can easily apply for a credit card online. First, head to the company’s website and go through its quick pre-qualification process. While this survey isn’t the be-all and end-all word on whether or not you qualify, it gives you an idea of your eligibility based on your income level. You’ll enter your personal information, including your salary and social security number. Going through this pre-qualification check, by the way, won’t hurt your credit score. Your credit score will only be affected when the company runs a hard check to see whether you officially qualify and you open an account. If you prequalify, then you’ll go through the full process of applying for the card. Only fill out a full application for one card, so as not to hurt your credit score. Once you apply and are approved, your card will be mailed out to you within one to two weeks. If your credit score and salary are too low, and you find yourself ineligible for any of the above cards, then you do have one more option - getting a secured credit card. Easy online pre-qualification forms give you a sense of whether or not you'll be approved a credit card. What If You Don’t Qualify? If you don’t qualify for an unsecured credit card with bad credit, then you should look into secured credit cards. As mentioned above, secured cards require a deposit up front, or they ask you to prepay and then spend the money that’s already loaded onto your card. While they’re a little different from other cards, secured credit cards will help you build credit until you’re able to get a regular, unsecured card. These are some of the best secured credit cards: Discover It Secured Card Capital One Secured Mastercard Secured Visa from Merrick Bank USAA Secured Card American Express If you want to set strict limits on your spending with a prepaid debit card, then look into the secured cards from Bluebird or American Express Serve. Once you get your credit card, how can you use it in the best way to build your credit? How to Use Your Credit Card and Build Credit Building and maintaining good credit isn’t about avoiding a credit card; it’s about using one well. Using a card well requires you to follow one rule of thumb: never carry a balance on your card from month to month. Don’t expect that you’ll have more to spend next month than you do this month. Only buy what you can pay off in cash immediately on the card, and make sure to pay off your full balance by each payment due date. As you read above, on-time payments will help you build credit, and your credit card company may offer you a bigger line of credit as time goes on. How can you be sure that you’re staying within your budget? This kind of awareness comes from developing a budget and keeping track of your daily and monthly spending. There are several apps, like YNAB and Mint, that are useful for helping you keep track and gain control of your personal finances. In closing, let’s go over the key points you should remember about the unsecured credit cards that are available to people with poor credit. Rome wasn't built in a day! With enough time and effort, you can build your credit score into the good or excellent range. Unsecured Credit Cards for Bad Credit - Final Thoughts If you have bad credit, you aren’t going to be eligible for a $10,000 line of credit and 2% cash back on all your purchases. However, you may become eligible eventually by first getting one of the secured or unsecured credit cards that are on offer to people with low credit card. Unsecured cards typically have an annual fee and start with a line of credit of around $300 a month. By making on-time payments month after month, you’ll see your credit score go up and may eventually qualify for a larger line of credit. If you don’t already, make sure to check your credit score and understand where it comes from. Then, you can come up with a plan to take control of your personal finances and build your credit score into the fair, good, or even excellent range. By shoring up your credit score with one of the best credit cards for bad credit, you’ll put yourself in a much better financial position for future credit card, loan, or mortgage applications. What’s Next? Is your credit score high enough that you could qualify for other credit cards? Check out this guide to find the best credit card for you based on your personal spending habits. Do you feel like your spending has gotten out of control? This guide will help you reign it back in with seven steps to taking control of your personal finances. Would you like to start saving money for a big purchase or perhaps a retirement account? This comprehensive list has 100 different ways for you to start saving money today.

Respiratory assessment of patients presenting with COPD(chronic Essay

Respiratory assessment of patients presenting with COPD(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) including subjective and objective data gathering- history takin - Essay Example It is a long term condition that leads to damaged airways, causing them to become narrow, making it harder for air to get in and out of the lungs† (COPD National Service Framework, 2008). There are â€Å"currently 300 million people have asthma; 210 million people have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) while millions have allergic rhinitis and other often under-diagnosed chronic respiratory diseases† (World Health Organization, 2008). Therefore, a sound knowledge of respiratory disease and skills to effectively manage these patients are essential in the delivery of care. In line with this, I have chosen two pieces of evidence regarding COPD. For the first piece of evidence, we will be looking into the subjective and objective respiratory assessment of patients with common respiratory disorders such as asthma and COPD. Furthermore, on the second piece of evidence, I have chosen to deal with acute breathlessness due to exacerbation to COPD as well as its possible medical interventions. I will also take into consideration the psychosocial impact/s of this disease to the patient and also about patient education for self-management initiative. â€Å"Respiratory diseases kill one in five people in the UK and has a mortality rate higher then coronary heart disease† (British Thoracic Society, 2006a). Respiratory diseases accounts for a large part of the total medical admission to the hospital, wherein the most common is asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (Roussos & Koutsoukou, 2003). It is estimated that there are about 600,000 patients in the UK with diagnosed COPD and there may be as many again who remain undiagnosed. Nearly one in three (29%) episodes of finished consultant episodes for patients over 60 years and one- fifth (21%) of bed days used for respiratory disease treatment are for chronic obstructive lung disease (British Thoracic Society, 2006b). These figures give us a clear picture as to how

Nutrition- How do we eat for a healthy life Research Paper

Nutrition- How do we eat for a healthy life - Research Paper Example Antoine Lavoisier is known as the father of nutrition because he designed a calorimeter in 1770 that measures heat production by the body after consuming different foods. In 1858, Eijkman a known physician noticed people in java had Beriberi, years later Fredrick Hopkins and Eijkman they noticed Beriberi was cured by vitamin B1. Dr. William Beaumont, the father of gastric physiology discovered that digestion occurs because digestive juices act on different foods at different times. Between 1884 and 1967, Kazimierz a biochemist mistakenly discovered animes and invented the term vitamins (vital animes). The dietary and Supplement Health and Education Act was approved in 1994 and it set standards for what can and cannot be said about nutritional supplements in the year 2000. In 2005, researchers discovered that adenovirus causes obesity and bad nutrition. The USDA’s focus was on research, discovery, financing agricultural exploration and hiring botanists to conduct research on agriculture in the US. In 1900s, USDA shifted its focus to food inspection. The Pure Food and Drug Act enforced milk pasteurization, inspection of food systems, and meat inspection for foods sold by interstate commerce. The department of health and human services (HHS) took charge of Social Security Administration, agencies of Public Health Service and Family Support Administration in 1979. HHS is under the Secretary of Health in America. The Public Health Service (PHS) is the core division of HHS. The concept of National School Lunch program was in New York City around 1853. The organization provided free lunches to children in local industrial schools. The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics is an American organization of food and nutrition. A group of women formed it in 1917. The original mission was to help make maximum use of America’s food re sources. In 1973, the academy created a National Nutritional Week with the aim of assisting individuals to

Essay --

To the farmer, soil is where crops grow. To the engineer, soil is a foundation upon which to build. To the ecologist, soil supports communities of living things. To the archaeologist, soil holds clues to past cultures. To the city dweller, soil nurtures grass and gardens. To the scientist, soil is all of these things. Soil has been called â€Å"the skin of the earth† because it is the thin outermost layer of the Earth’s crust. Like our own skin, we can’t live without soil (â€Å"Story of Soil†). No matter where we go or what we do, soil is important to all of us. We walk all over it, take it for granted, and treat it like dirt, but SOIL is what our lives depend on. Every single thing we do is rooted in soil in at least one way, if not more. If we dig deep enough, we may even find our future careers and life passions. There are countless career opportunities that rely on soil in one way or another. What soil means to each career pathway varies greatly, much like the diversity within the career options themselves. No matter how different our lives and careers may be, one thing is for certain: we absolutely cannot survive without soil. To the farmer, soil is vital to his very existence. Soil is the home of over 400 million acres of crops that the farmer grows and nurtures to feed his family and yours. According to the 2007 USDA Census, there are almost 1 billion acres of farmland being utilized for crops and livestock (â€Å"American Farms†). Without the soil, these farmers would not be able to raise the products that we rely on for basic survival. United States agriculture must produce enough food to help feed the world’s ever growing population. At 7 billion people and rising, our soil must remain as productive as ever (â€Å"World Population Clock... ...bringing wetland habitats back and creating better soil management practices. Even if ones’ career is not directly related to soil, we all rely on it every day. To urban dwellers and rural route residents, soil supplies everything needed for their survival. Soil supplies the antibiotics that fight disease, the food on our plates, the clothes on our backs and acts as a holding facility for solid waste and wastewater. Soil also provides the foundation for our homes, stores, schools, and jobs. This is just the tip of the iceberg describing how our existence and possibly even our careers rely on soil. As we can see, a variety of diverse jobs include working with and understanding soil. Soil is vital to the farmer, to the archaeologist, to the scientist, to the ecologist, to the architect, to the engineer, to you and to me. Like our own skin, we can’t live without soil. Essay -- To the farmer, soil is where crops grow. To the engineer, soil is a foundation upon which to build. To the ecologist, soil supports communities of living things. To the archaeologist, soil holds clues to past cultures. To the city dweller, soil nurtures grass and gardens. To the scientist, soil is all of these things. Soil has been called â€Å"the skin of the earth† because it is the thin outermost layer of the Earth’s crust. Like our own skin, we can’t live without soil (â€Å"Story of Soil†). No matter where we go or what we do, soil is important to all of us. We walk all over it, take it for granted, and treat it like dirt, but SOIL is what our lives depend on. Every single thing we do is rooted in soil in at least one way, if not more. If we dig deep enough, we may even find our future careers and life passions. There are countless career opportunities that rely on soil in one way or another. What soil means to each career pathway varies greatly, much like the diversity within the career options themselves. No matter how different our lives and careers may be, one thing is for certain: we absolutely cannot survive without soil. To the farmer, soil is vital to his very existence. Soil is the home of over 400 million acres of crops that the farmer grows and nurtures to feed his family and yours. According to the 2007 USDA Census, there are almost 1 billion acres of farmland being utilized for crops and livestock (â€Å"American Farms†). Without the soil, these farmers would not be able to raise the products that we rely on for basic survival. United States agriculture must produce enough food to help feed the world’s ever growing population. At 7 billion people and rising, our soil must remain as productive as ever (â€Å"World Population Clock... ...bringing wetland habitats back and creating better soil management practices. Even if ones’ career is not directly related to soil, we all rely on it every day. To urban dwellers and rural route residents, soil supplies everything needed for their survival. Soil supplies the antibiotics that fight disease, the food on our plates, the clothes on our backs and acts as a holding facility for solid waste and wastewater. Soil also provides the foundation for our homes, stores, schools, and jobs. This is just the tip of the iceberg describing how our existence and possibly even our careers rely on soil. As we can see, a variety of diverse jobs include working with and understanding soil. Soil is vital to the farmer, to the archaeologist, to the scientist, to the ecologist, to the architect, to the engineer, to you and to me. Like our own skin, we can’t live without soil.