Radical Solutions The Libertarian Answer For Isis

Radical Solutions: The Libertarian Answer for ISIS Libertarians are often confused with Anarchists because both have anti-government and pro-individual views. These opinions are reinforced when the party s primary election issues seem to revolve around what the government shouldn t be doing, as opposed to what it can do to make the country, and even the world, a better place. For example, ask any Libertarian and they will tell you that a strong federal government is crucial to the protection of life and liberty. Where Libertarians veer away from the other major political parties is that we believe the military should only be used when the nation is in immediate peril and not for â€Å"police actions† or â€Å"nation-building.† Chief among the threats to the United States today is ISIS. To be able to know how to properly address this problem, one need only look at the beginning of the conflict to understand how to end it. The reason ISIS went from a ragtag militia to an armed force capable of fighting both the Iraqis and Syrians, was with the equipment and training provided by the US government and our allies. This was done with the explicit purpose to enact regime change and create a free, secular state. Granted, at the time they thought they were arming democratic loving rebels. But doesn t that just prove that we don t have the competence to be getting ourselves involved in conflicts where we can t tell who the good guys are? Due to Obama s decision (with Republican

Marine Conservation Essay - 1450 Words

Marine conservation From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Coral reefs have a great amount of biodiversity. Marine conservation, also known as marine resources conservation, is the protection and preservation of ecosystems in oceans and seas. Marine conservation focuses on limiting human-caused damage to marine ecosystems, and on restoring damaged marine ecosystems. Marine conservation also focuses on preserving vulnerable marine species. Contents 1 Overview 2 Coral reefs 3 Human impact 4 Techniques 5 Technology and halfway technology 6 Laws and treaties 7 Organizations and education 8 References 8.1 Notes 8.2 Bibliography 9 External links Overview Marine†¦show more content†¦However, many fisherman are unable to catch as many fish as they used to, so they are increasingly using cyanide and dynamite in fishing, which further degrades the coral reef ecosystem.[6] This perpetuation of bad habits simply leads to the further decline of coral reefs and therefore perpetuating the problem. One solution to stopping this cycle is to educate the local community about why conservation of marine spaces that include coral reefs is important.[7] Once the local communities understand the personal stakes at risk then they will actually fight to preserve the reefs. Conserving coral reefs has many economic, social, and ecological benefits, not only for the people who live on these islands, but for people throughout the world as well. Human impact The deterioration of coral reefs is mainly linked to human activities – 88% of coral reefs are threatened through various reasons asShow MoreRelatedThe Evolution of the World: Industrial-Based, Less Natural, Societies1079 Words   |  5 Pagesaround the world. To combat the problems, various measures of legislation and government intervention have been implemented to protect living and nonliving marine entities and ensure that resources aren’t fully depleted. This paper will look at a number of ‘solutions’ to the problems that industrial-based, less natural, societies have created for marine life. These ‘solutions’ have come in a number of forms, from varying levels of government and agencies. The crees of protections have included legislationRead MoreConservation of Marine Biodiversity within the Framework of Impure Public Goods1000 Words   |  4 Pages Conservation of Marine Biodiversity within the Framework of Impure Public Goods Since the early days when Adam Smith coined the term â€Å"invisible hand of the market† in his magnum opus, The Wealth of Nations, it was typically believed among the general population that all goods can be distributed without any interference from the government. Contrary to the popular belief, however, this applies specifically to private goods, i.e. a type of good that is both rivalrous and excludable. It may seemRead MoreGlobal Water Pollution: Causes, Impacts, and Solutions Essay530 Words   |  3 Pagescontaminated, it will be very dangerous for the humanity and wildlife. Pollution is defined as to make fetid or unclear and dirty (American College Dictionary). So, water pollution means the change in the water composition to be dirty or unclear. This essay will examine the causes of water pollution, the effect of that issue in life and how to overcome this problem. Pollution of water in the world can be caused by several reasons. Firstly, direct reasons which impact immediately in the compositionRead MoreFifteen years from now I picture myself loading SCUBA gear into an old, beaten up dive boat. I feel800 Words   |  4 Pagesslate onto my BCD. I waddle to the edge of the boat pressing onto my mask and holding onto my weight belt. I take one last swig of air and plunge into the clear, blue, shark infested water. Fifteen years from now I will to be working in the conservation and research of sharks. For hundreds of years sharks have been viewed as violent creatures that have an unquenchable thirst for human blood. Sailors spread stories of deadly accounts with the beasts and tabloids report of children losing limbsRead MoreA Research Study On The Drought1046 Words   |  5 Pages75.5† (LiveScience). However, in response to all types of pollution caused by these benefits nature has paid humans by the climate change which lead to the water shortage. In other words, water drought is a consequence of man-made decisions. In my essay, I want to highlight that the longer the drought remains unresolved the more severe effects Californians and people in general will have to deal with. Society keeps developing; the expansion of technologies and industries squeezes out the remainsRead MoreThere Is A Wealth Of Architectural Heritage1055 Words   |  5 PagesArchitectural Heritage Worldwide From Historic City Centres To Cultural Landscape To Some Of The Largest Archaeological Sites In The World. culture underpins the very fabric of our national life as well as bringing wider and social economic benefits. This essay shows an insight of how the legislations and regulations are used to maintain the heritage within its proper standards. Here briefly describing about the legislations prepared in India and comparing with legislations prepared in Scotland (UK). †¢Read MoreWhy And How Should We Regulate Coastal Fisheries1508 Words   |  7 Pagesenvironmental and economic goals. The need for regulating coastal fisheries is not a new idea, it has been used for several hundred years. Currently there is 207 protected marine protected areas implemented by the British government, one of the main ways we can regulate coastal fisheries is by creating more marine conservation zones, these zones create a safe place for organisms to breed and thrive as a population. The EU have used scientific predictions of maximum sustainable yield (MSY) but alterationRead MoreOur Oceans Are The Earth s Biggest Life Support Systems Essay2000 Words   |  8 Pagesprotein people eat and also absorbs the carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, which helps to reduce the impact of climate change. As a result of the large dependence on the ocean, we have contributed to the reduction in biodiversity and degradation of marine life. Our oceans are ever so important to our society but are not treated as such. The Oceans are included in a group of shared international and global resources, universally known as the global commons. In order to be considered part of the globalRead MoreThe Human Impacts Of Coral Reefs Essay1383 Words   |  6 Pagesfor millions and provides habitats and nursery areas for many marine organisms. Coral reefs also act as a physical buffer to protect the coastlines from tropical storms and erosion. In addition, many local communities rely on coral reefs to generate an income through activities such as fishing and diving. However, 75% of the coral reefs are under threat from induced impacts of humans and climate change (Burke, et al., 2011). This essay looks at the human impacts constantly being inflicted on coralRead MoreMarine Parks, By Bill Daly The Power Of Critical Thinking1544 Words   |  7 PagesIn the essay â€Å"Marine Parks†, Bill Daly The Power of Critical Thinking. 3rd Lewis Vaughn and Chris McDonald. Daly ’s main claim is that marine parks, housing dolphins, whales, seals, and other marine mammals, have become a contentious issue. He explains the views of these problems set out to prevent the necessity of theses harsh institutions. Bill gathers a variety of different arguments from other people that argue on the critical issue of having marine parks open or closed; many arguments, for and

Advertising Decline. In 1994, Rust And Oliver Predicted

Advertising Decline In 1994, Rust and Oliver predicted the â€Å"Death of Advertising† in the Journal of Advertising (Dahlen Rosengren, 2016). It has been over twenty years since the authors suggested advertising academia should create a new name other than advertising and reinvent itself. Today, many believe that advertising is dead. Can it be that it’s not dead but advertising formats and spending patterns have just drastically changed (Dahlen Rosengren, 2016)? This document will examine the decline of advertising and why it is a modern phenomenon. Advertising In the business world, advertising is critical and serves a critical purpose. It enables businesses to compete with each other for the consumer’s attention, as well as communicate†¦show more content†¦The dynamics of how consumers see and pay attention to brand messages have forever been changed by digital advertising and interactivity (McLuhan, 2016). In the past 15 years, the media used by advertising and marketing utilize to convey messages is driven by innovation in technology such as the smartphones and tablets opening up consumers to more visual, interactive, and immediate experiences. As digital media exploded and guarantee consumers would most likely see the advertised message, traditional media found itself in trouble to remain relevant. Digital advertising offered inexpensive journalism, distributed online with a significant reach which negatively impacted magazines and newspapers. In addition, television and radio models found itself competing against the capabilities of DVR’s, podcast and streaming video service, such as Netflix and Hulu not to mention search engines. Search Engines. Search engine advertising had contributed to the decline of traditional advertising. Traditional media such as television, newspapers and magazine advertisement can be very expensive and gives businesses a specific time of day during certain television shows with limited reach. However, search engine advertising allows business to exposure to consumers that a business would notShow MoreRelatedAn Investigation of Customer’s Perception and Expectation of Services in Pension Fund Administration (Pfa) in Nigeria (a Study of Pfa Customers in Enugu)21541 Words   |  87 Pagespension industry matures, with increasing competition among PFAs for patronage, gaining competitive advantage through satisfaction and service quality has become a potent weapon for survival. With increased consumerism, media attention, increased advertising and technological advances, consumers have become more sensitive to service quality. This have all contributed in raising customer expecta tions and the belief that they have a right to receive products and services that meets their expectationsRead MoreRetailing Characteristics of Fast Food Stores and Their Impact on Customer Sales and Satisfaction29639 Words   |  119 Pages of scale, and coordinated cost reductions. Furthermore, with the number of modern trade stores growing faster than total sales, as is the case in China, the share of trade for an individual retailer is actually in decline. At the same time, consumer loyalty to individual stores is low. Shoppers in China continue to switch between outlets, including the wet markets. As a result, all supermarkets appear to be extremely price conscious. DemographicRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 PagesAND SHAPING NEW MANAGEMENT The powerful results of the American business economy through the end of the 1990s continued to defy and fundamentally challenge many of the traditional approaches regarding how corporate growth and earnings could be predicted and realized—and continue to do so as the economic winds have shifted. Very few longer-term projections got it right—except on a rearview-mirror basis—on either a national or a global basis, and there are several reasons for this. Of fundamental

Discussion Question 1 Week 7 Example

Essays on Discussion Question 1 Week 7 Coursework Mathematics (Discussion Question week 7) Systems of equations can be solved by graphing, using substitution, or elimination. What are the pros and cons of each method? Which method do you like best? Why?Systems of equations can be solved either by using the method of elimination, by substitution or through graphing or by a combination of more than one of these methods. In the process of elimination, the terms appearing in the equation are rearranged so as to gather like terms together, i.e. those in which the same unknown constant or variable appears (to the same power). This shows which terms can then be combined to produce a single simplified term or else eliminated altogether, and it should make the equation easier to solve. In the process of substitution, another variable is temporarily introduced into the equation. Usually, this is to represent a complex expression or to help transform the equation into another type, again to make it easier to solve. These two methods of elimina tion and substitution are algebraic methods. Alternatively, the equation, which may still need to be simplified first, can be graphed to enable the required values to be read or determined visually.Elimination is usually the simplest and quickest of the three methods and it suffices in many cases to solve any system of equation. In some complex cases however, it may not be clear whether elimination can even be made or not and this process alone becomes insufficient to solve the equations. Substitution can be seen as a relatively more complex procedure because of the use of an additional variable. This method requires extra decision making and steps to not only equate the new variable with an expression involving one or more of the original variables, but also to reconvert back to find the values of the original variables. Besides, it would be unnecessary if the equation is simple and for which the elimination method can be used instead. However, it has the potential advantage of bei ng a convenient method to quickly make the system of equations appear to be easier to handle in which the new substituted variable(s) has been used.Graphical methods make the task easier to understand visually. Although it may not always be possible to obtain a precise answer depending on the type of equation and its roots, as long as the graph has been constructed correctly, it does enable at least a good estimate to be obtained. This may not be immediately possible with the algebraic methods in which there are no visual cues so it is useful for quickly ensuring the solution is reasonable. In some cases, as with quadratic equations, it can show whether a solution is even possible i.e. whether the roots do or do not exist. Similarly, simultaneous equations can be checked for whether the lines do actually intercept and thus the approximate values can be determined for the coordinates where they cross, or it can be seen whether they are parallel, in which case it can be seen that no s olution exists.No method would be best in all circumstances so the type of equations determines which method should be used. Generally, the complexity of the equations is the main factor. Personally, I like elimination for its ability to simplify, I see substitution as a useful technique in those cases where it can be applied effectively, and graphing as useful in cases where a visual depiction can help in solving the equations.

Sachin †the God of Cricket Free Essays

Sachin Tendulkar is perhaps the best thing to happen to not just INDIA and INDIAN Cricket, but the sport in general. He is easily the most worshipped Cricketer across the globe. More than 34,000 runs scored on all kinds of home and away turfs at an unbelievable 48. We will write a custom essay sample on Sachin – the God of Cricket or any similar topic only for you Order Now 74 is testimony enough of the astounding consistency he has shown during the breath-taking 23-year International Career. He is pretty obviously the most prolific run-getter of all times. Technically too, He is the most complete batsman of modern era. Be it hooks, pulls, cuts, punches, drives, sweeps, slogs or lofts, He can play it all. Be it spin, swing or pace, He can tackle it all with seamless audacity and grace. Sachin Tendulkar is probably the greatest exponent of the game. While scoring the astonishing number of runs He has, Tendulkar has invented millions of ways of piercing the field and coaxing the ball towards the patrolled rope; at times using the bat like a sword used to slash enemies; and at times carefully using it like a surgeon’s knife used to pierce the deepest of tissues. Adaptation, accumulation and consolidation have seemed synonymous with Sachin Tendulkar, evidence of which is the big-hundreds He scored against Australia, South Africa and New Zealand after 2009, when He was in His late-30s, in a format presumed to be a youngster’s paradise. Apart from the staggering achievements and brilliant technique, what puts Tendulkar in a league of His own is the kind of impact and influence He has had on modern-day Cricket. Time and again, He has demolished and pulverized top-notch bowling attacks into instant submissions; something no one else has managed to do so effortlessly and so consistently. What elevates Tendulkar’s greatness is the fact that He has achieved all these records and laurels while constantly being under tremendous pressure from a billion people and while being under constant scrutiny of the national media. The greatness lies in the fact that Tendulkar has still never crumbled under this constant pressure and has on most of the occasions stood up, lead the pack and delivered. The humility and modesty He has displayed during the enthralling journey has ensured that He is not just followed and loved, but worshipped by the Nation from the bottom of the heart. Fames, riches, mansions, fast-cars, limelight and anything else that comes His way as a perk for being the greatest Cricketer He is seem to have left Him absolutely unfazed. His moorings have always remained on firm ground and remain so till date. Sachin Tendulkar has spell-bound the nation like no one else. There might be a couple of personalities whose exploits in their respective professions have enthralled the nation, but even they have not been able to sustain it for as long as Tendulkar has. He is diminutive, yet the tallest INDIAN alive. How to cite Sachin – the God of Cricket, Papers

Vital Contributor to the Australian Economy †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Vital Contributor to the Australian Economy. Answer: Introduction. Predominantly, education is a vital contributor to the Australian economy. Primarily, a skilled labor force emerges from better training and education thus the reason for most government investing in their respective education sectors of their economies. Further ,The Australian government has but in measures to encourage equitable and quality education opportunities for its population despite the shortcomings it faces along the way .The article on budget to lift fees by Hare and Uren seeks to explore the reforms undertaken by the Australian government in an effort to boost its education sector performance. The article highlights the negative effects of the increase in tuition fees move by the Australian government. Recently, Australian University students are required to pay higher tuition fees because of the funding reduction executed by the government of Australia. The Australian government has incorporated a formula for funding of higher education which has resulted into a twenty-five percent increase of university tuition fees to be paid by its students (Hare and Uren,2017)Further, the new funding formulae has transferred additional university costs to be covered by its university students. To most students, this could be burdensome. The increase in tuition costs at the higher education level has totaled to forty percent with a compulsory requirement of making the payments at the earliest opportune moment. In addition, under the new funding formula, higher education students are expected to remit their loan fees at the onset of their studies which might prove impossible for some students who are disadvantaged.However,the Australian government perspective is that these university students are likely to land high paying jobs as soon as they complete their studies at higher education institutions which is barely true for all university students(Jeffrey,2017)Rationally, the high cost of university education is viewed as an investment in return for high salaries after higher education completion. Usually, unemployment levels are inevitable and high in most developed and underdeveloped countries thus making the logic of high-paying jobs to all university graduates unattainable. Additionally, the number of university graduates has declined over the years. Noteworthy, there is a huge number of unemployed graduates in the Australian Economy according to the Australian Bureau of Statistics (Hare and Uren, 2017)The unemployment figures are cut across graduates and non- graduates, skilled and unskilled labor force in Australia. The Australian unemployed population consists of both youths and older population groups as per the statistics analysis by the Australian Bureau of Statistics. Notably forty one percent of the unemployed population in Australia for the past one year comprised of graduates thus the proof that higher education doesnt guarantee high paying jobs if any for university graduates. Further, the high tuition fees at the Australian University level has contributed to a significant decline in the number of higher education enrollments following the pay hike (Yaxley, 2015) Typically, the law of demand dictates that an increase in price of a good or service is likely to affect the output .In this scenario, the demand for education at the increased tuition prices will lead to a significant drop in the number of enrolled Australian students despite the elasticity of price. Similarly, a price increase in the tuition fee of students based in England resulted into a decrease in the number of university enrollment figure by fifteen thousand (Vasagar, 2012) thus the assertion that an increase in tuition fees will likely result into huge decline in university education attendance. Largely, the increase in university tuition fee and costs will negatively affect aspiring and existing Australian higher education students from enrolling and completing their courses at institutions of higher learning in the Australian states. For most disadvantaged students ,the pay increase is a burden and a denial of their right to affordable and equitable education.Usually,an increase in government budget expenditure in the education sector as opposed to a reduction would be a better option for Australian students performance and excellence(Farrell and Hurst,2014)The move to withdraw funding from the education sector in Australia can be interpreted to mean the government is less interested in providing affordable and equal opportunities for Australian learners. Notably, Education being the backbone of the economy has been able to produce skilled future and existing labor force who have propelled the Australian economy to high revenue margins thus the need for government to rethink its funding reduction to the education sector.Ideally,the ought to be massive government support and investment into the education sectors because an investment into education is an investment into the labor force quality and productivity through which an economy grows and the government revenue emanates from. A skilled labor force is likely to increase employability chances due to the fact that the worker will have the requisite skillset for the requisite jobs thereby maximizing profits, efficiency and productivity for employers Further, the reduction in government funding on the education sector is likely to encourage massive school dropouts at the university level. The unaffordability of university education will most likely increase the number of unskilled labor force in the Australian economy thereby raising the already existing high unemployment levels in the Australian states hence the need for positive reform based impacts on the Australian education system and its economy as a whole .The Australian government need to reduce the university education through its own funding or through university legislation encouraging tuition fee cuts to increase the number of university graduates in Australia while producing skilled future labor force(Hare and Uren,2017) According to the demand laws, an increase in the tuition fees for higher education Australian learners will only discourage higher education applications by aspiring university students and encourage dropouts among the existing university students (Education, n.d) .In as much as the government is reducing its expenditure and possibly relieving general taxpayers of some burden percentage, the implications on the education sector are far from favorable. Subsequently, the future labor force of Australia is likely to be unskilled due to the unaffordability of higher education by most of the Australian student population .Inevitably, the current students are the taskforce of tomorrow hence their education experience will definitely reflect in their work quality, productivity and employability chances. References Education Costs in Australia. (n.d.) Austrade. Retrieved from Https;//www.studyinaustrali.gov.au/global/australian-education/education-costs Farell,P.,and Hurst,D.(2014) University Fee Changes explained: How will Australian students be affected? The Guardian. Retrieved from https;//www.theguardian.com/World/2014/jun/university-fee-changes-explained#img-1 Hare, J., and Uren, D. (2017).Budget to life fees for university students, scrap funding cuts .The Weekend Australia .Retrieved from https://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/education/budget-to-lift-fees-for-university-students-scrap-funding-cuts/news-story/5725169a6df0dfbe5ed0b699b5408be7 How will an increase in tuition fees affect student participation and choice of course in the Uk? (n.d.)Shift Learning. Retrieved from https://www.shiftlearning.co.uk.site/default/files/white%20paper%20How%20will20%an20%increase%20in20%tuition%20fees20%affect20%student20%participation%20and20%choice20%of%20%20in%20the%20UK_0.pdf Jeffrey, C. (2017).Why Australia and India should collaborate on Higher Education .The Wire .Retrieved from https://the wire.in/123097/why-right-time-australia-india-higher-education Pash , C.(2017).The cost of Getting A University Degree in Australia Is About To Change: Heres What You Need To Know. Business Insider. Retrieved From https://www.BusinessInsider.com.au/the-cost-of-getting-a-university-degree-in-australia-is-about-to-change-heres-what-you-need-to-now-2016-4 Vasagar, J. (2012).Tuition fees increase led to 15000 fewer Applicants. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/education/2012/aug/09/tuition-fees-increase-15000-less-applicants Yaxley, L. (2015).University fee Deregulation: Government discusses new proposal with crossbench senators .ABC News .Retrieved from https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-03-04/higher -education-new-university-fee-deregulation-proposal-offered/6280124

Too Big to Fail

The too big to fail is a concept that certain banks or financial institutions cannot be let to fail, since their failure would have too much effect on the general economy thus causing financial disability on the national and even international financial systems (A dictionary of Business and Management 2).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Too Big to Fail specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The reasoning behind the â€Å"too big to fail† concept is that if a bank or financial institution that does business with a lot other businesses in the economy was to fail, then the rebound effect would be too much for the economy to handle. As such, the central bank is obligated to bail such financial institutions out, not so much for the sake of the individual institution, but to shield the economy from the consequences of the closure. According to the (A Dictionary of Business and Management 45), the too big to f ail concept contends that once the central bank bails the bank, the bank willingly takes on more risks to make business more viable. The too big to fail theory is only applicable to large financial institutions connected to other financial institutions (Wessel 5). Investors who do business with the too big to fail institutions are a less worried lot than their counterpart who trade with ordinary financial institutions because they have a â€Å"taxpayer subsidy†, which cushions them against losses (Wessel 12). However, not all financial institutions get the bail out as indicated in the theory. In 1995, Baring Brothers, a London based Merchant Bank was not bailed out as would have been anticipated because the Bank of England did not see any risk to the financial systems in the country that could be caused by its failure. Further, it was established that the Baring Brothers had failed due to irregular trading the bank had in Singapore’s derivates market (A Dictionary of B usiness Management 16). The too big to fail concept is a reaction to the continued mergers and acquisitions in the financial sectors, which leads to a complexity of financial institutions. According to (Folkerts-Landau et al 13), consolidation is mainly motivated by cost saving measures, or revenue enhancement motives. In the wake of globalization, such financial conglomerates are no longer content with working inside territorial boundaries (A Dictionary of Business Management 25). This means that they are more willing to explore the international markets. Consequently, this exposes them to more risks.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In a free market economy, it is only plausible that market forces would close banks that do not meet their credit obligations (Hetzel 7). However, this does not happen with too big to fail financial institutions. Traditionally, the regu lation of the banking sector was the mandate of bank regulators. With the increased diversification of the financial institutions, which includes mergers among banks, insurance companies and even funds management, banking regulators are finding themselves more as observers, rather than regulators. This is mainly because with the diversification of the financial firms, systemic regulation which was the forte of the banking regulators is overwhelmed by the mere complexity. More to this, the management of financial conglomerates is more integrated laying little emphasis on legal entities and functional regulatory authorities of national borders. Considering this, often complex financial transactions that such conglomerates handle, the occurrence of failure in the big financial institutions leans more towards systemic failures than anything else. There is contention among financial analysts about the effect of too-big-to-fail. While one group maintains that it is a good policy to ensure that economies do not suffer as a result of a financial conglomerate going bankrupt, others (Dowd 1; Bebchuk 1) contends that this concept encourages financial institutions to take irresponsible risk, with the full knowledge that they are assured of survival since the government cannot after all let them fail. â€Å"The Too big to fail concept resulted from a deficiency in bankruptcy arrangements for banks† (Hetzel 3). Such sentiments are aired because unlike nonfinancial institutions which are subject to bankruptcy arrangements should they fail to meet their financial obligations; banks are exempted from bankruptcy law. In its place, banks and other financial institutions can continue with normal operations as policy makers determine whether they are viable or not. This approach is adopted because though banks may fail to meet their short term credit obligations, they are usually viable for restructuring. More to this, it is agreeable that even when a financial institution cannot be restructured, giving it time to liquidate its assets over a length of time results in more value than immediate closure. In the absence of bankruptcy laws for the financial institutions, the Federal Reserve and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (at least in the United States) has been mandated with coming up with an â€Å"informal discount window† for financial institutions for purposes of preventing abrupt closure. As such, too big to fail is perceived as a concept that arose mainly from pressures arising from unsatisfactory arrangements for closing bankrupt banks, rather from conscious decisions by policy makers (Hetzel 6).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Too Big to Fail specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A recent activity in the financial market was testimony to the Too big to fail concept. In the financial crisis that hit the financial markets across the world starting 2007 to 2009, Bear Sterns and AIG were among financial institutions that received government bailout. However, Lehman Brothers did not. This left analysts as well as laymen wondering just what banking regulators and supervisors considers when deciding whether a bank is too big to fail. Literature in to this concept (Folkerts-Landau et al 13 ; Rajan 4) indicate that large financial institutions are more likely to be categorized as too big to fail compared to average or small institutions. More to this, the potential cost to taxpayers and the general economy is also weighted before regulators and supervisors decide whether to bailout a bank or not. Notably Lehman Brothers had $691.1 billion book value worth of assets at the time of its closure, while Bear Stearns had $395.4 billion book value of assets when it was bailed out. Too big to fail has a fair share of benefits as well as disadvantages. The benefits include the fact that banks gain favor with uninsured creditors and other participan ts in the market. In addition, too big to fail institutions are able to operate on lower regulatory costs thus increasing the probability of receiving more regulatory leniency. The fact that such institutions have access to the government’s safety net means that they can operate on a lower capital base and funds as compared to other financial institutions (Folkerts-Landau et al 11). The perception that the government would bail out such institutions in an event of a financial crisis allows more uninsured creditors the luxury of doing business with the too big to fail institutions. The disadvantages however seem to outweigh the good since the concept reduces discipline in the financial markets by encouraging excessive risk taking by the financial institutions, creating uneven playing fields for smaller and emerging financial institutions, and costing the government and the tax payer a lot of money, should a bail-out be deemed necessary (Cloutier 4). In the wake of a need to fi nd a solution to the cost that the too big to fail institutions cost the government in bailouts or the entire risk they pose to the economy should they be allowed to fail, several remedies have been suggested.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More First, analysts, (Rajan 6; Cloutier 4) suggests that â€Å"bank regulators need resolution authority over the too big to fail institutions, just the same way that the FDIC has resolution authority over banks.† Currently, regulators have no authority over the resolution of banking holding companies or non-banking institutions. More transparency in the financial sectors is also recommended as one of the too big to fail remedy (Rajan 6). Currently, regulators and supervisors only have piecemeal information regarding the operations of most banking institutions. Without such information, supervisors especially have a hard time conducting onsite examination of the financial institutions and their subsidiaries. In an ideal situation, supervisory authorities have the legal mandate to conduct examinations of data provided to them by the banks, verify the same, restrain any unsound practices by the banks and in extreme circumstances, force the banks to exit (Folkerts-Landau et al 13) B reaking up the too big to fail institutions may be the least desirable action to the players, but such an action would be the most ideal to completely resolve the risk issues posed by such institutions to the entire economy (Cloutier 3). This however would be a systemic approach that could take years before enforcement since it would need policy formulation and willingness on the part of the financial players. In an address to congress, (Cloutier 13) stated that â€Å"the prevailing financial system is too concentrated, and lacking the necessary regulation. The four largest banking companies in the United States today control an excess of 40 percent of the country’s deposits, an excess of 50 percent of all assets held by banks in the entire country.† Such concentration is prone to political pressures especially where guarantees on the public sector are needed to guarantee the banks’ liabilities (Folkerts-Landau et al 13). With this statistics, it is rather obvio us that the too big to fail institutions pose a major risk to the economy. Having a more diverse banking sector would not only reduce the risk, but would also promote competition and innovation, in addition to availing consumers more channels of credit and business. Dealing with the already established too big to fail financial institutions or the too-interconnected business which are hard to regulate and manage can be through breaking them up, or forcing them to divest assets (Cloutier 4). The latter would reduce the risk that such institutions pose to the financial systems. More so, preventing others from coming up, through regulating the extent to which a financial institution can grow is also a viable alternative (Rajan 13). With these solutions in mind, it is however proper to acknowledge the process of growth that leads to the too big to fail institutions. Unlike what most people would be tempted to believe, these institutions follow an organic growth path, mainly as a result of efficiency in management and strategic planning. Through expansion and growth, most of them realize the profits that come with business growth. To some, diversification is a mode of risk reduction. As such, a number have invested not only in traditional-like banking systems, but have also diversified their investments into mutual funds and insurance. This makes the remedies suggested above even more hard to enact across the board. Even if regulators and supervisory authorities were given the freehand to handle these banks, the mere amount of books, information and business is just overwhelming (Rajan 4). This is because the institutions have assets, gross-derivatives positions, liabilities, net-derivatives positions, profitability margins and transactions, all which form a reasonable metric through which the regulators can impose a limit. Conclusion The expansion, mergers and acquisitions that led to the creation of too bog to fail institutions is tantamount to mixing commerce an d banking. This is a dangerous precedent that will continue posing systemic risks in the financial sector (Coutier 11). In the United States, the mandate to find lasting solutions to this concept lies with the concept, which has the powers to initiate policy frameworks that would infuse regulation, assessment and the eventual disintegration of financial institutions that are too big for the general good of the economy. Further, it is still within Congress’ mandate to come up with policies that would prevent future concentration of commercial and financial powers in institution since such are the source of the current too big to fail institutions. After all, the phrase â€Å"if it’s too big to fail, it’s probably too big to exist† might contain some wisdom that may shield the financial markets in the future. Works Cited A Dictionary of Business and Management. â€Å"Too Big to Fail†. Encyclopedia.com. 2006. Web. Bebchuk, Lucian. â€Å"AIG still isn ’t Too Big to Fail.† The Wall Street Journal. March 2009. Web. Cloutier, Couns. â€Å"Too Big to Fail: The Role of the Anti-trust Law in Government-Funded Consolidation in the Banking Industry.† Testimony of Mr. C.R. Cloutier, president and CEO, MidSouth Bank, NA. March 2009. Web. Dowd, Kevin. â€Å"Too Big to Fail? Long Term Capital Management and the Federal Reserve.† CATO institute Briefing Papers. No. 51 (1996):1-12. Print. Folkerts-Landau , David. F., Lindgren, Carl-Johan and IMF. Toward a framework for financial stability. New York: International Monetary Fund, 1998. Print. Hetzel, Robert, L. â€Å"Too Big to Fail. Origins, Consequences, and Outlook.† Economic Review. (1991): 4-13. Rajan, Raghuram. â€Å"Too Systemic to Fail: Consequences, causes and Potential remedies.†Written Statement to the Senate Banking Committee Hearings. May 6, 2009. Web. Wessel, David. â€Å"Three Theories on Solving the ‘Too Big to Fail’ Probl em.† The Wall Street Journal. October 29, 2009. Web. This research paper on Too Big to Fail was written and submitted by user Robert Mcfadden to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Too Big to Fail